Same place, different time, head up: Multiple antipredator responses to a recolonizing apex predator

Abstract Prey adjust their antipredator behavioral tactics to minimize the risk of an encounter with predators. Spatiotemporal responses prey predators have been reported, but nature response is not ubiquitous and it object increasing interest, especially considering recent recovery large carnivores in Europe, potential for elicit consequences at ecosystem level. We tested multiple by fallow deer Dama dama wolf Canis lupus a Mediterranean protected area recently recolonized this apex predator. Through intensive camera trapping, we temporal spatial association between predator prey, also studied vigilance forest habitats where focal observations are usually impossible. Wolf detection rates were spatially associated those deer. Accordingly, no evidence was found avoiding sites higher rates. Temporal activity patterns significantly different 2 species, being mainly nocturnal whereas active during daylight. A comparison preliminary study strongly suggests increase diurnal along stabilization presence area. Both rate duration female increased local frequency activity. suggest based on temporal—rather than spatial—avoidance, as well vigilance.